From Digitalized to Intelligentized Surveying and Mapping: Fundamental Issues and Research Agenda

doi:10.11947/j.JGGS.2022.0213

Abstract

Abstract:

Nowadays Surveying and Mapping (S&M) production and services are facing some serious challenges such as real-timization of data acquisition, automation of information processing, and intellectualization of service applications. The main reason is that current digitalized S&M technologies, which involve complex algorithms and models as the core, are incapable of completely describing and representing the diverse, multi-dimensional and dynamic real world, as well as addressing high-dimensional and nonlinear spatial problems using simple algorithms and models. In order to address these challenges, it is necessary to explore the use of natural intelligence in S&M, and to develop intelligentized S&M technologies, which are knowledge-guided and algorithm-based. This paper first discusses the basic concepts and ideas of intelligentized S&M, and then analyzes and defines its fundamental issues in the analysis and modeling of natural intelligence in S&M, the construction and realization of hybrid intelligent computing paradigm, and the mechanism and path of empowering production. Further research directions are then proposed in the four areas, including knowledge systems, technologies and methodologies, application systems, and instruments and equipments of intelligentized S&M. Finally, some institutional issues related to promoting scientific research and engineering applications in this area are discussed.

Key words: Surveying and Mapping; intelligentization; natural intelligence; hybrid intelligent computing

Jun CHEN,Zhilin LI,Songnian LI,Wanzeng LIU,Hao WU,Li YAN. From Digitalized to Intelligentized Surveying and Mapping: Fundamental Issues and Research Agenda[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, 2022, 5(2): 148-160.

Figures/Tables 2

References 100

[1]	WANG Zhizhuo. Development of S&M[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 1998, 27(4): 4-7.
[2]	NING Jinsheng, WANG Zhengtao. Progresses from S&M to geomatics[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 10(46): 15-20.
[3]	GAGNON P, COLEMAN D J. Geomatics an integrated, systemic approach to meet the needs for spatial information[J]. CISM journal, 1990, 44(4): 377-382. doi: 10.1139/geomat-1990-0033
[4]	CHEN Jun. Discussing the development and application of digital geo-spatial framework[J]. Engineering of S&M, 2002, 11(03): 5-10.
[5]	CHEN Jun, LI Zhilin, JIANG Jie, et al. Key issues of continuous updating of geo-spatial databases[J]. Geomatics World, 2004, 2(5): 1-5.
[6]	WANG Zhizhuo. Research program of fully digital automatic mapping system (a discussion paper)[J]. Journal of Wuhan Technical University of S&M, 1998, 23(4): 287-290.
[7]	ZHANG Zuxun, LIN Zongjian. A digital way for photogrammetric mapping[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 1985, 10(3): 13-18.
[8]	LIU Xianlin. Experiment by the use of a home-made computer controlled digital mapping system[J]. Journal of Wuhan Technical University of S&M, 1985, 10(3): 25-32.
[9]	PAN Zhengfeng. Large-scale digital mapping[M]. Beijing: S&M Press, 1996.
[10]	LIN Zongjian. The technology of DEM, DOQ, DRG, DLG and its application[J]. Engineering of S&M, 1997, 6(3): 1-5.
[11]	LI Deren. On definition, theory and key technics of the integration of GPS, RS and GIS[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 1997, 1(1): 64-68.
[12]	CHEN Junyong. Digital China-oriented construction of China’s modern geodetic datum[J]. Bulletin of S&M, 2001, (3): 1-3.
[13]	ZHANG Zuxun. From Digital photogrammetry workstation to digital photogrammetry grid[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2007, 32(7): 565-571.
[14]	WOLF P R. S&M: history, current status, and future projections[J]. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 2002, 128(3): 79-107. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2002)128:3(79)
[15]	OLALEYE J B, ABIODUN O E, OLUSINA J O, et al. Surveyors and the challenges of digital S&M technology[J]. Surveying and Land Information Science, 2011, 71(1): 3-11.
[16]	YANG Kai. Some issues related to the establishment of China’s digital S&M technology system[M]. Wuhan: Annual Report of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (1990—1991)
[17]	LI Deren. From geomatics to geospatial intelligent service science[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 9-14.
[18]	LIU Jingnan, GAO Kefu. Challenges and opportunities for mapping and surveying and location based service in the age of intelligence[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2017, 42(11): 1506-1517.
[19]	CHEN Jun, LIU Wanzeng, WU Hao, et al. Basic issues and research agenda of geospatial knowledge service[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2019, 44(1): 38-47.
[20]	WANG Jiayao. Cartography in the age of spatio-temporal big data[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 28-39.
[21]	NING Jinsheng. Research on the development strategy of S&M science and technology transformation and upgrading[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2019, 44(1): 1-9.
[22]	BROUWER T, KOEVA M, VAN OOSTEROM P, et al. Smart surveyors: developments and trends from the FIG working week 2020[C]// Proceedings of FIG working week 2020. Amsterdam:FIG, 2020.
[23]	WANG Zhizhuo. The Principles of photogrammetry[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 1979.
[24]	NING Jinsheng, QIU Weigen, TAO Benzao. The theory of gravity field model of the earth[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan Technical University of S&M Press, 1990.
[25]	ZHOU Zhongmo, YI Jiejun. Principles and applications of GPS satellite surveying[M]. Beijing: S&M Press, 1992.
[26]	YANG Yuanxi. The theory of robust estimation and its applications[M]. Beijing: Bayi Press, 1993.
[27]	BIAN Fuling. Principles and methods of geographic information system[M]. Beijing: S&M Press, 1996.
[28]	ZHANG Zuxun, ZHANG Jianqing. Digital photogrammetry[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 1997.
[29]	LIU Jingnan, CHEN Junyong. Principles and methods of wide area differential GPS[M]. Beijing: S&M Press, 1999.
[30]	GUO Renzhong. Spacial analysis (second edition)[M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2001.
[31]	CHEN Jun. Voronoi dynamic spatial data model[M]. Beijing: S&M Press, 2002.
[32]	LI Jiancheng, CHEN Junyong, NING Jinsheng, et al. The Earth’s gravitational field approximation theory and the determination of China 2000 Quasi-geoid[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2003.
[33]	LI Zhilin, LIN Qing. Digital elevation model (second edition)[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2003.
[34]	WU Lixin, SHI Wenzhong. Principles and algorithms of geoinformation system[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2003.
[35]	PAN Zhengfeng. Principles and methods of digital mapping[M]. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2004.
[36]	YANG Yuanxi. Adaptive navigation and kinematic positioning[M]. Beijing: S&M Press, 2006.
[37]	WAO Jiayao, LI Zhilin, WU Fang. Advances in digital map generalization[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.
[38]	CHEN Jun, CHEN Jin, LIAO Anping. Remote sensing mapping of global land cover[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2016.
[39]	LINDER W. Digital photogrammetry: theory and applications[M]. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
[40]	PUENTE I, GONZ LEZ-JORGE H, MART NEZ-S NCHEZ J, et al. Review of mobile mapping and surveying technologies[J]. Measurement, 2013, 46(7): 2127-2145. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2013.03.006
[41]	LIU Jianjun, CHEN Jun, WANG Donghua, et al. The study of description and application of contour adjacency relationship[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2004, 33(2): 174-178.
[42]	CHEN J, LIU W, LI Z, et al. Detection of spatial conflicts between rivers and contours in digital map updating[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2007, 21(10): 1093-1114. doi: 10.1080/13658810701300071
[43]	LIU Wanzeng, CHEN Jun, DENG Kazhong, et al. Detecting the spatial inconsistency between the updated rivers and valleys[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2008, 13(5): 1003-1008.
[44]	LIU Wanzeng, CHEN Jun, DENG Kazhong, et al. A topology chain model for describing line-line spatial relations[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2010, 39(1): 75-79.
[45]	CHEN Jun, WANG Donghua, SHANG Yaoling, et al. Master design and technical development for national 1:50000 topographic data-base updating engineering in China[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2010, 39(1): 0-82.
[46]	CHEN Jun, PAN Li, WANG Donghua, et al. The technology system for updating of national fundamental geographic information and its engineering application in China[J]. China Science and Technology Achievements, 2015, 000(002): 68-69.
[47]	REN Jiaxin, LIU Wanzeng, LI Zhilin, et al. Intelligent detection of “Problematic Map” using convolutional neural network[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2021, 46(04): 570-577.
[48]	GARDNER H. Multiple intelligences[M]. New York: Basic Books, 1992.
[49]	WANG Lei, Kang Qi, WU Qidi. Nature-inspired computation-effective realization of artificial intelligence[J]. Systems Engineering Theory & Pratice, 2007, 27(05): 128-136.
[50]	KANG Qi, AN Jing, WANG Lei, et al. Nature-inspired computation: a survey[J]. Acta Electronica Sinica, 2012, 40(003): 548-558.
[51]	ZHONG Yixin. Artificial intelligence: concept, approach and opportunity[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2017, 62(22): 2473-2479.
[52]	ZHOU Ji, ZHOU Yanhong, WANG Baicun, et al. Human-Cyber-Physical Systems (HCPSs) in the context of new-generation intelligent manufacturing[J]. Engineering, 2019, 5(04): 71-97.
[53]	LUO Jiancheng, WU Tianjun, XIA Liegang. The theory and calculation of spatial-spectral cognition of remote Sensing[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2016, 18(5): 578-589.
[54]	WANG Guoyin, LI Shuai, YANG Jie. A multi-granularity cognitive computing model bidirectionally driven by knowledge and data[J]. Journal of Northwest University(Natural Science Edition), 2018, 48(04): 488-500.
[55]	LI Z, OPENSHAW S. A natural principle for the objective generalization of digital maps[J]. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 1993, 20(1): 19-29. doi: 10.1559/152304093782616779
[56]	LI Z, SU B. Algebraic models for feature displacement in the generalization of digital map data using morphological techniques[J]. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1995, 32(3): 39-56. doi: 10.3138/H7K9-2160-2765-8230
[57]	LI Z. Algorithmic foundation of multi-scale spatial representation[M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2006.
[58]	CHEN Jun. The Application of DTM in improving classification accuracy of remote sensing imagery[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 1984, 9(1): 69-81.
[59]	LI Xiaowen, WANG Jindi, HU Baoxin, et al. Role of prior knowledge in remote sensing inversion[J]. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences), 1998, 28(1): 67-72.
[60]	CHEN Jun, CHEN Jin, LIAO Anping, et al. Concepts and key techniques for 30m global land cover mapping[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2014, 43(6): 551-557.
[61]	HAN G, CHEN J, HE C, et al. A web-based system for supporting global land cover data production[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2015, 103(66-80).
[62]	ZHENG Weiwei, CHEN Jun, LIAO Anping, et al. Geospatial knowledge-based verification and improvement of GlobeLand30[J]. Sciential Sinica (Terrae), 2016, 46(9): 1149-1161.
[63]	GONG Jianya, JI Shunping. Photogrammetry and deep learning[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2018, 47(6): 693-704.
[64]	BUDJAČ R, NIKMON M, SCHREIBER P, et al. Automated machine learning overview[J]. Vedecké Práce Materiálovotechnologickej Fakulty Slovenskej Technickej Univerzity v Bratislave so Sídlom v Trnave, 2019, 27(45): 107-112.
[65]	CHENG Xueqi, MEI Hong, ZHAO Wei, et al. Data science and computing intelligence: concept, paradigm, and opportunities[J]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2020, 35(12): 48-59.
[66]	KENNEDY J. Handbook of nature-inspired and innovative computing[M]. Boston, MA: Springer. 2006: 187-219.
[67]	ZHOU Xiaoguang, ZHAO Yijiang. Issues and advances of crowd-sourcing geographic data quality[J]. Geomatics World, 2020, 27(1): 9-15.
[68]	CHEN Jun, ZHANG Jun, ZHANG Weiwei, et al. Continous updating and refinement of land cover data product[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2016, 20(5): 991-1001.
[69]	GONG Jianya, ZHANG Xiang, XIONG Longgang, et al. Progress and applications for integrated sensing and intelligent decision in smart city[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2019, 048(012): 1482-1497.
[70]	TU Wei, CAO Jinzhou, GAO Qili, et al. Sensing urban dynamics by fusing multi-sourced spatiotemporal big data[J], Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2020, 45(12): 50-58.
[71]	LIU Yu, KANG Chaogui, WANG Fahui. Towards big data-driven human mobility patterns and models[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2014, 39(006): 660-666.
[72]	WANG Jiayao, XIE Mingxia. Geographical national condition and complex system[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2016, 45(1): 1-8.
[73]	GUO Renzhong, LUO Tingwen. Intelligent management and control for land resources[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2019, 64(21): 2166-2171.
[74]	YANG Yu, LI Xiaoyun, DONG Wen, et al. Comprehensive evaluation on China’s man-land relationship:theoretical model and empirical study[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(6): 1063-1078. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201906001
[75]	LIU Jianjun, CHEN Jun, ZHANG Jun, et al. Geographic information dynamic monitoring in intelligent era[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2019, 44(01): 95-99.
[76]	LI Jiancheng. Digital change the world[J]. Informatization of China Construction, 2019, 0(23): 44-45.
[77]	YAN Li, LI Jiancheng. The emerging engineering education construction for S&M specialty[J]. Bulletin of S&M, 2020, 0(12): 148-154.
[78]	LIU Jingnan, GUO Wenfei, GUO Chi, et al. Rethinking ubiquitous mapping in the intelligent age[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2020, 49(04): 5-16.
[79]	GUO Renzhong, LIN Haojia, HE Biao, et al. GIS framework for smart cities[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2020, 45(12): 4-10.
[80]	YU Chongsheng. The formation of the knowledge system should follow the rules of its development[J]. Exploration and free views, 2020, 1(9): 14-16.
[81]	ZHANG Bing. Remotely sensed big data era and intelligent information extraction[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2018, 43(12): 1861-1871.
[82]	WEI Dongsheng, ZHOU Xiaoguang. Automatic sampling of remote sensing image change detection samples based on prior information of vector data[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2019, 23(3): 464-475.
[83]	XING H, CHEN J, WU H, et al. A service relation model for web-based land cover change detection[J]. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2017, 132(10):20-32. doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.08.007
[84]	XING Huaqiao. Modeling and methods of service relation for land cover change detection[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2018, 47(9): 1291.
[85]	CHEN Jun, WU Hao, LI Songnian, et al. Services oriented dynamic computing for land cover big data[J]. Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, 2013, 30(4): 369-374.
[86]	CHEN Jun, WU Hao, LI Songnian. Research progress of global land domain service computing: take GlobeLand 30 as an example[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1526-1533.
[87]	XING Huaqiao, HOU Dongyang, YU Mingyang, et al. Constraint rule-based service chain dynamic generation for land cover change detection[J]. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2019, 35(4): 9-14.
[88]	CHEN J, LI S, WU H, et al. Towards a collaborative global land cover information service[J]. International Journal of Digital Earth, 2017, 10(4): 356-370. doi: 10.1080/17538947.2016.1267268
[89]	HOU Dongyang, WU Hao, CHEN Jun. Research progress on searching spatiotemporal data from web[J]. Geomatics World, 2020, 27(4): 1-12,21.
[90]	YANG Yuanxi. Concepts of comprehensive PNT and related key technologies[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2016, 45(5): 505-510.
[91]	YANG Jun, Cao Yandong, SUN Guangcai, et al. GF-3 data real-time processing method based on multi-satellite distributed data processing system[J]. Journal of Central South University, 2020, 027(003): 842-852. doi: 10.1007/s11771-020-4335-9
[92]	ZHONG Yongjun, ZHONG Zuxun, GONG Jianya. Generalized photogrammetry of spaceborne, airborne and terrestrial multi-source remote sensing datasets[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2021, 50(1): 1-11.
[93]	FU Dongjie, XIAO Han, SU Fenzhen, et al. Remote sensing cloud computing platform development and earth science application[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2021, 25(01): 220-230.
[94]	SU Fenzhen, WU Wenzhou, ZHANG Yu, et al. From geographic information system to intelligent geographic system[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2020, 22(01): 2-10.
[95]	XIONG Wei. Influence of artificial intelligence on the development of some fields of S&M technology[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2019, 44(1): 101-105.
[96]	GAO Jingxiang, WANG Jian, LI Zengke. Challenges for the development of S&M technology in the age of intelligence[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2019, 044(001): 55-61.
[97]	SHEN Jiashuang, GE Zhongxiao, CHEN Changlin. Research progress of China’s hydrographic surveying and charting[J]. Hydrographic Surveying and Charting, 2018, 38(04): 1-10,21.
[98]	DOLD J, GROOPMAN J. The future of geospatial intelligence[J]. Geo-spatial Information Science, 2017, 20(2): 151-162. doi: 10.1080/10095020.2017.1337318
[99]	SONG Guanfu, LU Hao, WANG Chenliang, et al. A tentative study on system of software technology for artificial intelligence GIS[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2020, 22(1): 76-87.
[100]	BURCH T. Yes, you can use your smartphone[J]. GPS World, 2019, 30(5): 28-35.