Impact of Sea-Level-Rise and Human Activities in Coastal Regions: An Overview

doi:10.11947/j.JGGS.2021.0115

Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science ›› 2021, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (1): 124-143.doi: 10.11947/j.JGGS.2021.0115

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Impact of Sea-Level-Rise and Human Activities in Coastal Regions: An Overview

Qing ZHAO^1,^2,³(),Antonio PEPE⁴,Adam DEVLIN^5,⁶,Shuangshang ZHANG⁷,Francesco FALABELLA^4,⁸,Giovanni ZENI⁴,Qiang WANG^1,^2,³,Jingzhao DING^1,^2,³,Danan DONG^1,²,Min LIU^1,^2,³,Qing XU⁷,Xia LEI⁶,Jiayi PAN^5,⁶()

1. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
2. School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
3. Chongming ECO Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
4. Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Italian National Research Council, Napoli 80124, Italy
5. School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
6. Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
7. College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
8. University of Basilicata, Potenza 85100, Italy

Received:2020-10-10 Accepted:2020-12-25 Online:2021-03-20 Published:2021-04-06
Contact: Jiayi PAN E-mail:qzhao@geo.ecnu.edu.cn;panj@cuhk.edu.hk
About author:Qing ZHAO (1982-), female, associate professor, majors in satellite remote sensing and its applications. E-mail: qzhao@geo.ecnu.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0100700);Natural Science Foundation of China(41801337);Natural Science Foundation of China(41976163);Research Grants of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(18ZR1410800);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities;Key Laboratory of Land Subsidence Monitoring and Prevention, Ministry of Land and Resources(KLLSMP201503);Fund of the Director of the Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University(KLGIS2017C03);General Research Fund of Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC)(CUHK 14303818)

Abstract

Abstract:

Coastal regions are becoming increasingly vulnerable to flooding because of accelerating sea-level-rise (SLR), local ground subsidence, and the changes in topography and morphology. Moreover, coastal areas are usually highly urbanized and increased human activities have an effect on the stability and preservation of the environment. For instance, the growing demand for new lands to accommodate the population and the industrial facilities in China has required the design and the deployment of land-reclamation projects from the ocean, with a marked impact on fragile coastal eco-systems. Specifically, the Yangtze River and Pearl River Estuary, two major estuaries of the world, have long been subject to intensive human activities over the past decades. Long-term ground subsidence evolution, topographic changes, and morphological variation of the coastal regions have drawn great attention. This paper provides an overview of well-established Earth Observation (EO) remote sensing (RS) technologies that are employed to continuously monitor the changes of urbanized regions. The combined use of EO-based DInSAR analyses along with the knowledge of the geomorphology of the coastal regions allows a more precise picture of the SLR risk in the investigated coastal regions. In this paper, we will concentrate on remote sensing technologies that allow the gathering of heterogeneous information, such as those based on the use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), satellite altimeters and tide gauge data. We will underline how human activities trigger changes in the living environment of coastal zones and the associated risks for the population. Observed coastline changes, coastal regions terrain subsidence, and offshore bathymetry have a pronounced effect on the increasing risk of flooding. Accordingly, we also present insights into some inundation model projections employed for evaluating the potential flooding risk in coastal regions.

Key words: flooding risk; Sea-Level-Rise (SLR); ground subsidence; DInSAR; anthropogenic geomorphologic changes

Qing ZHAO,Antonio PEPE,Adam DEVLIN,Shuangshang ZHANG,Francesco FALABELLA,Giovanni ZENI,Qiang WANG,Jingzhao DING,Danan DONG,Min LIU,Qing XU,Xia LEI,Jiayi PAN. Impact of Sea-Level-Rise and Human Activities in Coastal Regions: An Overview[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, 2021, 4(1): 124-143.

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	ASTER GDEM	SRTM DEM	GTOPO30	GMTED2010
Instruments	The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) onboard NASA’s Terra spacecraft	C-band and X-band Synthetic Aperture Radars onboard NASA’s space shuttle Endeavour	Fusion of eight data sources	Fusion of 11 raster-based elevation sources. The primary source dataset is SRTM DEM of NGA.
Data collection time	2000—2008 (Version 1) 2000—2010 (Version 2)	2000	1996	2010
Resolution	30m 20m	30m (in the US) 90m (in the rest of the world)	1km	250m 500 m 1km
Vertical accuracy	20m (Version 1) 13 m with controversy (Version 2)	16m	30m	28m 31m 34m
Coverage	83 degrees north—83 degrees south	60 degrees north—56 degrees south	The entire global land surface	Global coverage of all land areas
Advantages	It provides the global current elevation data with a relatively higher resolution.	It covers most of the global land surface with relatively higher resolution.	It covers the entire global land surface	It provides the global current elevation data.
Disadvantages	ASTER GDEM is severely affected by random noise and anomalies	The previously released SRTM DEM-3 v4.1 is limited by 90m resolution and inaccurate void-filling.	Coarse resolution to satisfy the demands of coastal inundation mapping and assessment	Coarse resolution to satisfy the demands of coastal inundation mapping and assessment

	Area A		Area B		Area C		Area D
Water depth range/m	0~5.5		0~10.7		0~7.3		0~1.7
Band type	Blue	Green	Blue	Green	Blue	Green	Blue	Green
Absolute error /m	0.36	0.39	0.86	0.81	0.49	0.50	0.06	0.07
Relative error /(%)	18.5	18.8	19.0	19.2	17.5	18.9	9.9	15.2

Impact of Sea-Level-Rise and Human Activities in Coastal Regions: An Overview

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