GIS Based FLMP Solving in Densely Populated City Areas: a Case Study in Singapore

doi:10.11947/j.JGGS.2022.0211

摘要/Abstract

Abstract:

With continual population growth in the densely populated cities, e.g., Singapore, traffic congestion is the main transportation problem. As such, Public Transport is deemed as the most sustainable mode of transport. However, pubic transport is often plagued with the First and Last Mile Problem (FLMP), reducing its appeal especially in the densely populated city areas. The FLMP leads to a wide range of complications, in particular, human congestion in public transport. In this research, after a comprehensive discussion of FLMP problem in densely populated city areas, a case study in Singapore, i.e., the Kent Ridge Campus of National University of Singapore (KRC-NUS), has been conducted based on the survey and spatio-temporal analyses. In addition to the investigation of FLMP status in the case study area, a new campus shuttle bus route from an alternative MRT station (Haw Par Villa Station) has also been proposed based on the Tabu Search to alleviate the human congestion and current FLMP status for KRC-NUS. This research not only has successfully addressed the FLMP in the case study area, but also can be a good reference for other areas in densely populated cities to help mitigate FLMPs.

Key words: GIS, First and Last Mile Problem, Tabu Search, Public Transport, Singapore

. [J]. 测绘学报（英文版）, 2022, 5(2): 111-123.

Yu Ning Hazel ANG,CAO Kai. GIS Based FLMP Solving in Densely Populated City Areas: a Case Study in Singapore[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, 2022, 5(2): 111-123.

图/表 20

Time	Number of persons	A1	A1E	D2	Total buses	α^* /(%)
0700—0709	23	0	0	0	0	-
0710—0719	54	1	0	0	1	54.00
0720—0729	115	1	0	2	3	38.33
0730—0739	182	2	1	1	4	45.50
0740—0749	226	2	0	1	3	75.33
0750—0759	122	1	0	2	3	40.67
0800—0809	121	2	2	1	5	24.20
0810—0819	135	1	1	1	3	45.00
0820—0829	182	1	1	1	3	60.67
0830—0839	246	2	2	2	6	41.00
0840—0849	171	1	0	2	3	57.00
0850—0859	174	2	2	1	5	34.80
0900—0909	175	1	1	1	3	58.33
0910—0919	186	1	0	1	2	93.00
0920—0929	232	0	0	1	1	232.00
0930—0939	226	3	0	1	4	56.50
0940—0949	218	1	0	1	2	109.00
0950—0959	165	3	0	3	6	27.50
1000—1009	78	1	0	2	3	26.00
1010—1019	42	1	0	1	2	21.00
1020—1029	88	1	0	1	2	44.00
1030—1039	65	1	0	1	2	32.50
1040—1049	104	1	0	0	1	104.00
1050—1059	78	1	0	2	3	26.00
1100—1109	59	1	0	1	2	29.50
1110—1119	118	1	0	1	2	59.00
1120—1129	87	1	0	1	2	43.50
1130—1139	200	1	0	0	1	200.00
1140—1149	176	2	0	2	4	44.00
1150—1159	103	1	0	0	1	103.00
1200—1209	85	2	0	2	4	21.25
1210—1219	55	2	0	1	3	18.33
1220—1229	82	1	0	2	3	27.33
1230—1239	51	2	0	1	3	17.00
1240—1249	47	2	0	1	3	15.67
1250—1259	75	1	0	1	2	37.50
1300—1309	38	2	0	2	4	9.50
1310—1319	90	2	0	2	4	22.50
1320—1329	73	1	0	1	2	36.50
1330—1339	125	2	0	2	4	31.25
1340—1349	121	2	0	1	3	40.33
1350—1359	74	1	0	1	2	37.00
Time	Number of persons	A1	A1E	D2	Total buses	α^* /(%)
1400—1409	67	0	0	1	1	67.00
1410—1419	33	2	0	1	3	11.00
1420—1429	64	1	0	1	2	32.00
1430—1439	43	1	0	1	2	21.50
1440—1449	45	0	0	1	1	45.00
1450—1459	32	2	0	1	3	10.67
1500—1509	60	1	0	1	2	30.00
1510—1519	28	1	0	1	2	14.00
1520—1529	44	1	0	1	2	22.00
1530—1539	52	1	0	1	2	26.00
1540—1549	48	1	0	1	2	24.00
1550—1559	40	1	0	1	2	20.00
1600—1609	23	1	0	1	2	11.50
1610—1619	17	1	0	1	2	8.50
1620—1629	16	2	0	1	3	5.33
1630—1639	7	1	0	1	2	3.50
1640—1649	1	1	0	2	3	0.33
1650—1659	2	2	0	1	3	0.67

参考文献 52

[1]	ARIPIN A N A. 2015. Singapore accelerates towards deployment of driverless vehicles with two new trial projects[EB/OL].[2022-04-15]. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-accelerates-towards-deployment-of-driverless-vehicles-with-two-new-trial-projects-095427850.html .
[2]	AZAR K T, FERREIRA J, WIGGINS L. 1994. Using GIS tools to improve transit ridership on routes serving large employment centers: the Boston south end medical area case study[J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 1994, 18(3): 205-231. doi: 10.1016/0198-9715(94)90025-6
[3]	BAEK K, LEE H, CHUNG J H, Kim Jet al. 2021. Electric scooter sharing: how do people value it as a last-mile transportation mode?[J]. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2021, 90: 102642. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102642
[4]	BASU S. 2012. Tabu search implementation on traveling salesman problem and its variations: a literature survey[J]. American Journal of Operations Research, 2012, 2(2): 163-173. doi: 10.4236/ajor.2012.22019
[5]	BERGMANN F M, WAGNER S M, WINKENBACH M. 2020. Integrating first-mile pickup and last-mile delivery on shared vehicle routes for efficient urban e-commerce distribution[J]. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 2020, 131:26-62. doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2019.09.013
[6]	BROWNING R C, BAKER E A, HERRON J A, et al. Effects of obesity and sex on the energetic cost and preferred speed of walking[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006, 100(2): 390-398. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00767.2005
[7]	BRYANT K. 2000. Genetic algorithms and the traveling salesman problem[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.91.9167rep=rep1type=pdf .
[8]	CERVERO R, DUNCAN M. Land value impacts of rail transit services in Los Angeles county[R]. Washington: National Association of Realtors Urban Land Institute, 2002: 1-36.
[9]	CHANDRA S, BARI M E, DEVARASETTY P C, et al. Accessibility evaluations of feeder transit services[J]. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2013, 52: 47-63. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2013.05.001
[10]	CLARKE G, WRIGHT J W. Scheduling of vehicles from a central depot to a number of delivery points[J]. Operations Research, 1964, 12(4): 568-581. doi: 10.1287/opre.12.4.568
[11]	CROCKETT C E. A process for improving transit service connectivity[D]. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002.
[12]	DANTZIG G, FULKERSON R, JOHNSON S. Solution of a large-scale traveling-salesman problem[J]. Journal of the Operations Research Society of America, 1954, 2(4): 393-410. doi: 10.1287/opre.2.4.393
[13]	DORIGO M, GAMBARDELLA L M. Ant colonies for the travelling salesman problem[J]. Biosystems, 1997, 43(2): 73-81. doi: 10.1016/S0303-2647(97)01708-5
[14]	ESRI n.d.) Algorithms used by the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension[EB/OL].[2022-04-15]. http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/main/10.1/index.html#//004700000053000000 .
[15]	FLAMM B, RIVASPLATA C. Perceptions of bicycle-friendly policy impacts on accessibility to transit services: the first and last mile bridge[R]. San José: Mineta Transportation Institute, 2014.
[16]	GLOVER F. Future paths for integer programming and links to artificial intelligence[J]. Computers & Operations Research, 1986, 13(5): 533-549. doi: 10.1016/0305-0548(86)90048-1
[17]	GLOVER F, LAGUNA M. Tabu Search[M]// DUD Z, PARDALOSP M. Handbook of Combinatorial Optimization. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2013: 3261-3362.
[18]	GREFENSTETTE J J, GOPAL R, ROSMAITA B J, et al. Genetic algorithms for the traveling salesman problem[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Genetic Algorithms. Hillsdale: Erlbaum Associates Inc, 1985: 160-168.
[19]	IBRAHIM M F. Improvements and integration of a public transport system: the case of Singapore[J]. Cities, 2003, 20(3): 205-216. doi: 10.1016/S0264-2751(03)00014-3
[20]	JUN-MAN K, YI Z. Application of an improved ant colony optimization on generalized traveling salesman problem[J]. Energy Procedia, 2012, 17: 319-325. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.02.101
[21]	KOH P P, WONG Y D. The evolution of cycling in Singapore[J]. Geology, 2012.
[22]	FANG V K S. Driverless vehicles may become mainstay of public transport here[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/autonomous-vehicles-be-incorporated-lta-seeking-ideas#:-:text=Driverless%20vehicles%20may%20become%20mainstay%20of%20public%20transport,scheme%20slated%20to%20start%20as%20early%20as%202020 .
[23]	KIMPEL T J, DUEKER K J, EL-GENEIDY A M. Using GIS to measure the effect of overlapping service areas on passenger boardings at bus stops[J]. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, 2007, 9(1): 5-11.
[24]	Land Transport Authority. Construction of new dual four-lane road to relieve congestion along PIE & lornie road and serve future developments[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. https://www.mynewsdesk.com/sg/land-transport-authority/pressreleases/construction-of-new-dual-four-lane-road-to-relieve-congestion-along-pie-lornie-road-and-serve-future-developments-680665 .
[25]	KEVIN S J, LEVINSON H S. Operational analysis of bus lanes on arterials[M]. Washington: National Academy Press, 1997.
[26]	LIM P. Customers less satisfied with transport, logistics[EB/OL].[2022-04-15]. http://www.todayonline.com/singapore/customers-less-satisfied-transport-logistics .
[27]	LITMAN T. Valuing transit service quality improvements[J]. Journal of Public Transportation, 2008, 11(2): 43-63.
[28]	LIU Zhili, JIA Xudong, CHENG Wen. Solving the last mile problem: ensure the success of public bicycle system in Beijing[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012, 43: 73-78. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.079
[29]	FERA M, FRUGGIERO F, LAMBIASE A, et al. Production scheduling approaches for operations management[M]//SCHIRALDI M M. Operations Management. Croatia:InTech, 2013. DOI: 10.5772/55431. doi: 10.5772/55431
[30]	MARTINEZ L M, CAETANO L, EIRÓ T, et al. An optimisation algorithm to establish the location of stations of a mixed fleet biking system: an application to the city of Lisbon[J]. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012, 54: 513-524. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.769
[31]	MCLEOD S A. Questionnaires[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. https://www.simplypsychology.org/questionnaires.html .
[32]	MENG Qiang, QU Xiaobo. Bus dwell time estimation at bus bays: a probabilistic approach[J]. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2013, 36: 61-71. doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2013.08.007
[33]	Ministry of Manpower (n.d.). Summary table: income. Singapore[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. http://stats.mom.gov.sg/Pages/Income-Summary-Table.aspx .
[34]	MOGHDANI R, SALIMIFARD K, DEMIR E, et al. The green vehicle routing problem: a systematic literature review[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 279: 123691. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123691
[35]	MOON C, KIM J, CHOI G, et al. An efficient genetic algorithm for the traveling salesman problem with precedence constraints[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2002, 140(3): 606-617. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(01)00227-2
[36]	MÜLLER-HANNEMANN M, SCHIRRA S. Algorithm engineering: bridging the gap between algorithm theory and practice[M]. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer, 2010.
[37]	O’CONNOR D L. Solid waste collection vehicle route optimization for the city of redlands, California. Master’s thesis, University of Redlands[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. https://www.coursehero.com/file/33094660/SOLID-WASTE-COLLECTION-VEHICLE-ROUTE-OPTIMIZATION-FOR-THE-CITY-OF-REDLANDSdocx/ .
[38]	O’REGAN B, BUCKLEY F. The psychological effects of commuting in Dublin[R]. Dublin City University Business School, 2003.
[39]	J BENNETT. OpenStreetMap[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. https://www.openstreetmap.org/about .
[40]	PARKES S D, MARSDEN G, SHAHEEN S A, et al. 2013. Understanding the diffusion of public bike sharing systems: evidence from Europe and North America[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2013, 31: 94-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.06.003
[41]	RYUS P. Bus transit capacity[M]//Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual. 2nd ed. Washington: Transportation Research Board, 2003.
[42]	SEIK F T. A unique demand management instrument in urban transport: the vehicle quota system in Singapore[J]. Cities, 1998, 15(1): 27-39. doi: 10.1016/S0264-2751(97)10004-X
[43]	SHAHEEN S A, MARTIN E W, COHEN A P, et al. Public bikesharing in North America: early operator and user understanding[R]. San José: Mineta Transportation Institute, 2012.
[44]	SHAHEEN S A, RODIER C J. Easy connect: low-speed modes linked to public transit field test results[R]. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, 2008.
[45]	SMART. First driverless vehicles for public launched[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. http://smart.mit.edu/news-a-events/press-room/article/51-first-driverless-vehicles-for-public-launched.html .
[46]	TAN Derong, WANG Jing, LIU Hanbo, et al. The optimization of bus scheduling based on genetic algorithm[C]//Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Transportation, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineering (TMEE). Changchun: IEEE, 2011: 1530-1533.
[47]	TAY H. Cycling infrastructure as a first mile solution for mass transit access in Singapore: a study of MRT ridership in Singapore towns[D]. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012.
[48]	TIRACHINI A, HENSHER D A, ROSE J M. Crowding in public transport systems: effects on users, operation and implications for the estimation of demand[J]. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2013, 53: 36-52. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2013.06.005
[49]	WANG Hai. Design and operation of a last mile transportation system. Doctor of philosophy in operations research, massachusetts institute of technology[EB/OL]. [2022-04-15]. http://oastats.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/98568/920858352-MIT.pdf?sequence=1 .
[50]	WU Changshan, MURRAY A T. Optimizing public transit quality and system access: the multiple-route, maximal covering/shortest-path problem[J]. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 2005, 32(5): 163-178.
[51]	YOUNAN B J. Improving transit service connectivity: the application of operations planning and operations control strategies[D]. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004.
[52]	ZELLNER M, MASSEY D, SHIFTAN Y, et al. Overcoming the last-mile problem with transportation and land-use improvements: an agent-based approach[J]. International Journal of Transportation, 2016, 4(1): 1-26.

Time	R^*/(%)
1000	34.55
900	18.09
1200	13.57
800	11.43
1400	10.93
1100	5.15
1600	2.64
1300	1.38
1500	0.75
1800	0.50
930	0.25
1030	0.25
1700	0.25
1900	0.25

Name of origin	Name of destination	Total distance/m
Haw Par Villa Station	BIZ2	1887.58
Haw Par Villa Station	COM2	2187.02
Haw Par Villa Station	LT13	2480.60
Haw Par Villa Station	CLB	2531.19
Haw Par Villa Station	AS7	2685.80
Haw Par Villa Station	YIH	2993.81
Haw Par Villa Station	Museum	3161.48
Haw Par Villa Station	UTown	3382.55
Haw Par Villa Station	LT27	3826.32
Haw Par Villa Station	UHall	4080.48

Direction	Drive time	Walking time
From Ventus to LT13	1.66	0.83
From Opp NUSS to AS7	2.99	2.62

	Opp NUSS	Ventus	CLB	LT13	AS7	COM2	BIZ2
Case 1	1	1	1	0	0	1	1
Case 2	1	0	1	1	0	1	1
Case 3	0	1	1	0	1	1	1
Case 4	0	0	1	1	1	1	1

Bus stops	Current dwell time	Estimated dwell time
KRBS	0.736	0.227
LT27	0.531	0.164
UHall	0.497	0.153
Opp UHC	0.253	0.078
YIH	0.355	0.110
CLB	0.685	0.212
LT13	0.378	0.117
AS7	0.171	0.053
COM2	0.230	0.071
BIZ2	0.178	0.055
HPVS	-	0.227